Ans: Usually, a physiotherapy session goes from 30 to 60 minutes which depends on the type of treatment a person is seeking. The length of the full treatment depends on injuries and varies from few weeks to several months, depending on how fast the patient recovers and the condition being treated.

Ans: Physiotherapy helps manage pain by using exercises, stretches, and massages that target painful areas. These techniques can relieve tension, improve blood flow, and increase strength, all of which can reduce pain and help prevent it from coming back.

Ans: Physiotherapy is used to treat a variety of conditions, which includes back pain, arthritis, sports injuries, breathing problems etc. It’s also used to improve strength and flexibility of people who have undergone surgeries or were ill, making it easier for people to move and stay active.

Ans: Physiotherapy is a type of treatment that uses exercises, massages, and other techniques to help people recover from injuries, manage pain, and improve movement. It’s often used for people with physical issues caused by accidents, surgeries, or health conditions.

Ans: Yes, dengue can be a serious illness, especially in its severe forms, which can be life-threatening without prompt medical attention. Hence, it's essential to monitor symptoms and seek medical care if they worsen.

Ans: Most people recover fully from dengue, but some may experience long-term fatigue. In rare cases, severe dengue can lead to complications affecting the liver or other organs.

Ans: The main types of dengue fever include:

• Dengue Fever: A mild form with symptoms like fever, headache and joint pain.
• Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: More severe, involving bleeding and a drop in platelet count.
• Dengue Shock Syndrome: A critical condition with severe bleeding and shock, which can be life-threatening.

Ans: If you have dengue, it's important to stay hydrated and consume nutritious foods that increase your platelet count. As a result, focus on:

• Drinking water, coconut water, goat milk and electrolyte solutions to prevent dehydration.
• Eating kiwi, dragon fruit, papaya and guava, which are rich in vitamins and may help increase platelet count.
• * Ingesting light meals like rice, boiled vegetables and lean proteins like chicken or fish.

Ans: Yes, a person can get dengue more than once. Typically, there are four different serotypes of the dengue virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4), and infection with one serotype provides immunity only to that specific type, not to the others.

Ans: In some cases, gallbladder problems can be managed without surgery. Treatment options may include:

• Medication: To reduce inflammation and pain.
• Dietary changes: Avoiding fatty foods.
• Lifestyle modifications: Losing weight if overweight.

However, if the gallbladder is severely damaged or causing significant pain, surgery may be necessary.

Ans: If you experience any of these symptoms - abdominal pain, nausea & vomiting, jaundice, fever, clay-colored stools & dark urine, especially if they are severe or recurring, it's important to see a doctor. Prompt medical attention can help diagnose the problem and prevent complications.

Ans: Common symptoms of gallbladder problems include:

• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Jaundice
• Fever
• Clay-colored stools and dark urine

Ans: Recovery time varies, but most people can return to normal activities within a few weeks. Full recovery may take several months. It's important to follow your doctor's instructions and avoid strenuous activities during the healing process.

Ans: While rare, it's possible for new gallstones to form after gallbladder surgery. This is because the liver still produces bile, and certain factors can contribute to stone formation.

Ans: Gallbladder polyps are small growths inside the gallbladder, while gallstones are hard deposits that form from bile. Polyps are often benign, but some can be precancerous. Gallstones can cause severe pain and inflammation.

Ans: Not always. In many cases, gallbladder problems can be managed with medication or dietary changes. However, if the gallbladder is severely damaged or causing significant pain, surgical removal (cholecystectomy) may be necessary.

Ans: While there isn't a strict timeline for regular gallbladder checks, it's recommended to see a doctor if you experience symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or jaundice. These symptoms could indicate gallbladder issues.

Ans: Children require extra care during the monsoon, thus it's essential to keep them dry, clean & warm. Another precaution to carry out is to prevent mosquito bites by using repellents & ensuring there's no stagnant water around. Additionally, a balanced diet rich in vitamins & minerals is crucial for boosting their immunity. Finally, regular handwashing & maintaining while limiting their exposure to wet & muddy areas is extremely important to prevent infections.

Ans: Some home remedies for monsoon illnesses include:

• Turmeric milk: Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, it helps soothe sore throat & boosts immunity.
• Tulsi: With antiviral & antibacterial properties, tulsi tea can help with respiratory infections.
• Ginger tea: Effective in relieving congestion & nausea.
• Honey: Soothes sore throat & acts as a natural cough suppressant.
• Garlic: Possesses antibacterial & antiviral properties.
• Warm soups: Help clear congestion & provide comfort.

Ans: Maintaining personal hygiene is especially important during the monsoon season. By regularly washing hands, maintaining cleanliness & practicing safe food habits, you can significantly reduce the risk of infections caused by bacteria & viruses that thrive in humid monsoon conditions.

Ans: Monsoon season increases the risk of respiratory diseases. High humidity, stagnant air & increased allergens create ideal conditions for the growth of mold, bacteria & viruses. This leads to a rise in respiratory infections like common cold, flu, asthma attacks & allergies.

Ans: Most common monsoon diseases are:

• Chikungunya
• Cholera
• Dengue
• Diarrhea
• Influenza
• Malaria
• Typhoid
• Viral fever

Ans: The best way to protect yourself from dengue is to stay away from mosquito bites by:

• Applying insect repellant.
• Wearing loose, long-sleeved shirts & jeans.
• Taking preventative measures against mosquitos in & around your house.

Ans: Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans by the bites of infected Aedes mosquitos (Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus). These are the same mosquitos that transmit Zika & Chikungunya viruses.

Ans: To reduce your chance of having dengue, protect yourself against mosquito bites by using:

• Clothing that covers as much of your body as possible;
• Mosquito nets;
• Window screens;
• Insect repellents (including DEET, Picaridin, or IR3535);
• Coils & vaporizers.

Ans: There is no particular treatment for dengue. The priority centers around managing pain symptoms. Most cases of dengue fever may be managed at home with pain relievers. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is commonly used to manage pain.

Ans: The symptoms of dengues are:

• Joint & muscle pain
• Nausea
• Pain behind the eyes
• Rash that develops three to four days following the onset of the fever
• Severe headaches
• Sudden high fever
• Swollen glands
• Vomiting

Ans: The following facilities are available at KMC Hospital

• 24X7 Emergency
• Ambulance
• Canteen
• Colonoscopy
• CT Scan
• Diagnostic facilities
• Digital Financial transaction
• Endoscopy
• ERCP
• Internal Medicine with ICU
• Newborn and child care with NICU
• Online consultations
• Pharmacy
• Physiotherapy
• Round-the-clock availability of a medical officer

Ans: There may be differences in the symptoms of heart disease between men and women. Men, for example, are more prone to experience chest discomfort. Women are more prone to experience additional symptoms in addition to chest discomfort such as shortness of breath, nausea and excessive exhaustion.

• Chest pain, tightness, pressure and discomfort (angina)
• Breathing difficulty
• Neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or back pain
• Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in the legs or arms if blood arteries in those regions are constricted

Ans: Heart disease refers to a wide range of heart illnesses and disorders. Among this wide range of heart diseases, here are some common heart diseases

• Coronary heart disease
• Angina
• Inherited heart conditions
• Heart attack
• Heart failure
• Valve disease
• Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythms)
• High blood pressure
• Congenital heart conditions
• Unstable angina

It is usually preferable to discuss your heart disease with your doctor or a cardiac expert, who can advise you on the exact diagnosis, name and treatment plan. Heart disease and other illnesses hinders the heart's ability to operate normally. Being diagnosed with a heart problem can be frightening and confusing but there is a wealth of information and support available to you. Understanding what is going on might sometimes help you worry less.

Ans: High blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and secondhand smoke exposure, obesity, a poor diet and physical inactivity are all major risk factors for heart disease and stroke.

Ans:

• Consume a nutritious, well-balanced diet.
• Increase your physical activity.
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Limit your alcohol consumption.
• Quit smoking
• Maintain a healthy blood pressure.
• Maintain diabetes control.
• Take all recommended medications.

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Postpartum thyroiditis
• Thyroid cancer
• Thyroid Disorders in Women
• Thyroid tumors

Ans: Beans and legumes are high in both zinc and fiber. These aid to control the digestive system, particularly bowel movement and avoid constipation. Chickpeas are also among the best alternatives for thyroid disorders.

Ans: Common symptoms of Thyroid include:

• Goiter
• Anxiety
• Fatigue
• Hand tremor
• Frequent bowel movements
• Hair loss
• Heat intolerance

Ans: If your thyroid is hyperactive and generates too many hormones, your body will consume energy too rapidly, and you may get hyperthyroidism. This can be problematic since it causes your heart to race and causes you to lose weight without intending to. If left untreated, it can cause significant cardiac, bone, and other complications.

Ans: Thyroid develops due to the deficiency of iodine or when the thyroid gland gets inflamed. This might be caused to an infection. It may also be caused by an autoimmune illness or another thyroid-related medical problem.

Ans: In the case of dengue, it’s best to begin by seeing a primary care physician. However, you may refer to an infectious disease specialist.

Ans: Although, there is no particular treatment for dengue yet vitamin C-rich foods like amla, papaya and orange juice are advised to eat because they boost antibodies that speed up healing and recovery, functioning as a natural dengue fever cure. It's also advised to eat meals that are simple to digest such as green vegetables, kiwi, coconut water, apples and herbal tea. Paracetamol is advised to take in case of high fever whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen and aspirin are discouraged as they can increase the risk of bleeding.

Ans: A doctor usually carries out two tests to identify Dengue. One is the general platelet count test while the other is the CBC (complete blood count) test. A platelet count test only gives an overview of the platelets in the body whereas the CBC test tells about various other indicators such as platelets and WBCs as well.

Ans: Typhoid fever, also called enteric fever, is caused by salmonella bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in places where few people carry the bacteria. It also is rare where water is treated to kill germs and where human waste disposal is managed. Places with the highest number of cases or with regular outbreaks are in Africa and South Asia. It is a serious health threat, especially for children, in places where it is more common.Food and water with the bacteria in it cause typhoid fever. Close contact with a person who is carrying the salmonella bacteria also can cause typhoid fever.

Ans: Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever have similar symptoms. People usually have a sustained fever that can be as high as 103–104°F (39–40°C). A sustained fever is a fever that does not come and go. Symptoms include:
High fever
Headache
Stomach pain
Constipation or diarrhea
Muscle pain

Ans: 1. Avoid food items that are high in fiber.
2. Spicy food, fried items are a strict No.
3. Control the intake of ghee and butter. Fatty food is harder to digest and can cause complications during typhoid.
4. While dry fruits are considered to be healthy in general, they tend to be high in fiber.

Ans: Gastroenterology is the study of the normal activity and illnesses of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas,colon and rectum, bile ducts, gallbladderand liver.It includes a detailed understanding of the normal operation of the gastrointestinal organs, including the flow of material through the stomach and intestine, digestion and absorption of nutrients into the body, waste elimination from the system and the work of the liver as a digestive organ.It also includes common and significant disorders such as colon polyps and cancer, hepatitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, colitis, gallbladder and biliary system disease, nutritional challenges, IBS and pancreatitis.

Ans: Some common gastroenterological conditions are
• Constipation
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Nausea
• Gas
• Bloating
• Diarrhea

Ans: Foods such as berries, fermentable fibers, and whole grains may be beneficial to people suffering from gastritis. Sweets, spicy meals, fried foods, and processed meats, on the other hand, should be avoided as they may aggravate symptoms.

Ans: Gastroenterologists are medical practitioners who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorders. To accurately identify these diseases, gastroenterologists frequently employ a variety of tests that include
• Abdominal Ultrasound
• Abdominal X-ray
• Barium EnemaTest
• Barium SwallowTest
• Colectomy
• Colonoscopy
• CT Scan of the Abdomen
• CT Scan of the Pancreas
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
• Laparoscopy
• Liver Biopsy
• Liver and Biliary Tract CT Scan
• Liver Scan
• Pancreas Scan
• PEG Tube Placement
• Proctectomy
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Upper Gastrointestinal Series
• Upper GI Endoscopy
• Virtual Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening

Ans: • Don't eat too quickly. Take your time eating and chewing each bite thoroughly.
• Do not overeat.
• Eat frequently and avoid skipping meals.
• Avoid having a heavy meal straight before bed.
• Make sure you drink lots of water.

Ans: • Any sudden or severe pain.
• Changes in vision.
• Chest or upper abdominal pain or pressure.
• Confusion or changes in mental status.
• Coughing or vomiting blood.
• Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath.
• Difficulty speaking.
• Fainting, sudden dizziness, weakness.
• Severe or persistent vomiting or diarrhea.
• Shortness of breath.
• Suicidal feelings.
• Uncontrolled bleeding.
• Unusual abdominal pain.

Ans: Certain accidents and injuries necessitate rapid emergency medical attention at the nearest hospital. There are also other instances when seeking emergency care is necessary but not life-threatening.

If you see any of the following signs or symptoms, go to the nearest emergency room:

• Changes in mental state, such as strange behavior, confusion, or trouble walking or talking
• Consciousness loss
• Coughing up blood or vomiting blood
• Dizziness, loss of eyesight, or clouded vision that occurs suddenly
• Having trouble breathing
• Numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, typically on one side of the body, that occurs suddenly.
• Pain in the chest, upper abdomen, or pressure
• Severe bruising
• Severe or ongoing vomiting
• Sudden vision loss or blurred vision
• Sudden, acute pain in any part of your body
• Trauma or an injury to the head
• Unknown reason for a strong headache

Ans: First aid is crucial in emergencies and the primary goal is to provide immediate care until professional medical assistance arrives. Here are some general first-aid guidelines:
• Do the first thing; this entails analyzing the situation for any imminent risk, promptly and systematically without panicking, and giving precedence to the most urgent issue/condition.
• Remove the source of the injury from the victim or the victim from the source of the injury.
• If required, resuscitate the person and administer general unconsciousness therapy.
• Loosen any garments or materials that are too tight around the victim's neck, waist, wrist, and so on.
• Stop the bleeding, bandage any cuts, burns, or scalds, and stabilize any fractures.
• Allow no one to crowd a victim, and do not relocate a person unless absolutely necessary.
• Reassure the sufferer and get assistance as quickly as possible.
• Improvise any necessary supplies which are not readily available.
• Protect against or treat shock.
• Properly dispose of/transport the victim.

Ans: • Call an ambulance or a medical emergency service provider first.
• Examine a person's physical condition.
• Continue talking to the person or inform him/her that you are there to assist.
• If feasible, inquire as to the location of the pain.
• Before you leave, inspect the residence. Be cool and prudent even when things are tense.
• Carry the patient's medical information if feasible.

Ans: • Doctors responding to medical emergencies must swiftly assess and prioritize the situation.
• Immediate activation of emergency services is crucial and safety measures should be ensured.
• Basic and advanced life support, effective communication and patient stabilization are paramount.
• Rapid, accurate decision-making, delegation and coordination among healthcare providers optimize care delivery.
• Documentation of interventions and post-emergency debriefing aid in continuous improvement.
• Effective communication with patients and families is essential.
• Continuous training and staying updated on guidelines enhance a doctor's ability to confidently and effectively manage critical situations.

Ans: Every surgical procedure has risks and complications of its own. A physician must have evaluated the issue before recommending a course of action. Endoscopy is a procedure that should be carried out in order to examine and study internal organs more closely. Any organ or internal component that is penetrated by an external device could rupture or become infected, which would cause haemorrhage or infections.

Ans: Endoscopy is a medical procedure used to obtain a clear and accurate image of the position and health of internal organs not visible through other means. to identify and locate any issues with the internal body or its organs, including the heart , intestines, etc. Upper endoscopy is a type of endoscopy that is typically used to look at the dominant digestive tract. A tube fitted with a tiny camera is inserted into the body to examine the afflicted organ and administer the appropriate care for it.

Ans: Body parts that are examined with an endoscopy procedure include the food pipe, stomach, intestines, colon, throat, heart, liver, and abdomen. The term "endoscope procedure" varies depending on the organ. For instance, endoscopy of the rectum or anus is called anoscopy; colposcopy refers to the vagina and cervix; neuroendoscopy refers to certain areas of the brain, etc.

Ans: The type of endoscopy is going to influence the side effects, which could include gas and bloating, sore throats, or dry throats. These also consist of bleeding, infection, or a hole or tear in the examination area. Side effects are usually originated from the kind of anaesthesia you are given, which is why it is advised by the doctor to rest for a few days and avoid any voluntarily moment such as walking, driving etc.

Ans: According to cancer.net, a patient or a diseased person requires the examination of endoscopy, to eradicate a possibility and check for any cancerous enzyme in the body / organ and to assess and evaluate the cause of the problem experiences by patients in the targeted argan or body part of the body.

Ans: As per Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the new variant of Covid has been more contagious than ever. With an inclination in reported cases, the common indicators of the virus range from cough, running nose, sore throat, body pain, fever and also include a severe headache. The symptoms however are prone to be spreading more steadily. The only distinction of Omicron, and the new variant is that it excludes mild gastrointestinal issues. Some people may also experience cough and have severability in breathing etc.

Ans: JN.1 has become a successor of BA 2.86 which is now rising as the dominant variant of the pandemic struck disease COVID-19, which has been widespread globally, infecting 50% of people in the USA and almost 70% in Singapore. This prompt uprise of the variant is similar in nature to that of COVID, being detected through same symptoms and features like-

• Cough • Fever • Body-ache • Cold and throat pain.

Features that have not been yet witnessed in patients include the loss of taste and smell which has not become a recuring symptom of the new variant.

Ans: JN.1 is a twin variant of Covid 19, also known as Priola possessing similar variants and symptoms like the previous pandemic disease, which include –

• Cough, congestion. • Fever • Body-ache • Running and itchy nose. • Sore - Throat and irritation. • Fatigue, weariness.

Features that have not been yet witnessed in patients include the loss of taste and smell which has not become a recuring symptom of the new variant.

Ans: Urologists are doctors who specialize in the treatment of illnesses and ailments affecting the urinary system which includes the bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra and adrenal glands.

They treat all conditions affecting the penis, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicles and testes in males. They also do operations to remove tumors or an obstruction in the urinary system if necessary.

Ans: Urological illnesses damage the urinary tract system and the organs that are connected to it. Both men and women can develop urological disorders or illnesses because of the following factors:
• Age
• Injury
• Genetic issues
• Congenital anomalies

Ans: Despite the fact that both urology and nephrology deal with kidneys and their problems, they are not the same.

Urology deals with the urinary tract and male reproductive system while nephrology focuses on the kidneys and their related conditions.

A nephrologist treats kidney disorders with medications, whereas a urologist treats kidney ailments that require surgery.

Ans: The following are the symptoms of a urinary problem:

• A new and persistent need to urinate
• Urine that is bloody
• Involuntary loss of urine
• Change in the color of urine
• Urinary discomfort or burning
• Back, side, or groin discomfort
• Fever accompanied by urinary symptoms
• Discharge from the genitalia
• Variation in vaginal discharge

Ans: Processed and quick meals, canned soups and veggies and lunch meats should all be avoided. Additionally, high-salted foods should be avoided at all costs.

Ans: Diabetes is a complicated condition that manifests itself in a variety of ways, in addition to the three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - there are a number of different types of diabetes, including Alström Syndrome, Cystic fibrosis diabetes, Latent Autoimmune diabetes in Adults (LADA), Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), Neonatal diabetes, Steroid-induced diabetes, Type 3c diabetes and Wolfram Syndrome.

Ans: If you have any of the following symptoms then consult your doctor about having your blood sugar tested:

Feeling numbness or tingling in your hands or feet
Feeling really exhausted
Feeling very hungry
Feeling very thirsty
Frequent urination, especially at night
Having more infections than normal
Having sores that heal slowly
Having very dry skin
Having blurred eyesight
Natural weight loss

Ans: Diabetes can be diagnosed by carrying out any of the following tests: A1C Test, Fasting Blood Sugar Test, Glucose Screening Test, Glucose Tolerance Test and Random Blood Sugar Test.

Ans: A diabetic patient is advised to eat dairy that is nonfat or low-fat, nuts and seeds, and heart-healthy fish including salmon, tuna and mackerel.

Other than this a person having diabetes should consume meals high in heart-healthy fats which are mostly found in oils that are liquid at room temperature such as canola and olive oil.

Ans: Taking insulin or other diabetic medications is a common part of treating diabetes. In addition to medication, eating and drinking healthily, exercising, getting enough sleep and managing stress can help you manage your illness.

Ans: Stage 4 Renal Cell Cancer occurs when cancer has progressed beyond the layer of fatty tissue around the kidney, maybe into the adrenal gland above the kidney, neighboring lymph nodes, or other regions of the body such as the bones, liver, lungs, brain, adrenal glands, or distant lymph nodes.

Ans: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common kind of adult kidney cancer, accounting for around 85% of cases. This kind of cancer grows in the proximal renal tubules which form the kidney's filtration system. Other than Renal cell cancer, Urothelial carcinoma, Sarcoma, Wilms tumor and Lymphoma are also the common ones.

Ans: Symptoms:

• Hematuria (blood in the urine)
• Pain in the flank between the ribs and hips.
• Low back ache on one side (not from an injury) that persists.
• Loss of appetite.
• Weight loss that isn't induced by dieting.
• A persistent fever that is not caused by an illness.
• Anemia (a low red blood cell count)

Treatment:

• Active surveillance
• Ablation
• Partial nephrectomy
• Radical nephrectomy

Ans:

• The stage 1 kidney cancer is 7cm or smaller and totally inside the kidney.
• In the TNM staging system, stage 1 is denoted as T1, N0, and M0, where TNM stands for Tumor, Node, and Metastasis and it shows that
• T indicates the size of the tumor (cancer).
• N indicates if the malignancy has spread to neighboring lymph nodes.
• M indicates if the cancer has progressed to other regions of the body such as the lungs.

Ans: Kidney cancer may typically be cured if it is detected and treated when still limited to the kidney and its surrounding tissue. However, the likelihood of a cure is directly proportional to the stage or degree of tumor spread.

Ans: Food poisoning is more common in summer due to the warm temperatures, which create an ideal environment for bacteria such as Salmonella & E. coli to multiply rapidly.

Ans: Heat waves can significantly impact human health by causing dehydration, heat exhaustion, heatstroke & acute cerebrovascular accidents. It can also contribute to thrombogenesis (blood clots) which can be life-threatening.

Ans: Heat may induce significant & sometimes deadly health problems such as heat exhaustion & heatstroke, as well as induce unexpected conditions such as a heart attack or stroke, or worsen pre-existing medical illnesses like kidney or lung disease.

Ans: • Sitting in areas with shade.
• Wearing clothes (particularly of densely woven fabric) that cover the entire body.
• Wearing a broad-brimmed hat.
• Wearing sunglasses to protect your eyes.
• Avoid going out during the hottest time of the day.
• Use SPF 30+ sunscreen & reapply it on a regular basis.

Ans: • Drink plenty of water.
• Limit your caffeine & alcohol intake.
• Eat fruits & vegetables that have high water content like watermelon, cucumber etc.
• Drink natural juices, not the carbonated ones.